What is viral hepatitis?

Types of Viral Hepatitis

Several viruses can cause hepatitis, but the most common types are hepatitis A, B, and C. Each type spreads differently and affects the liver in distinct ways.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and usually spreads through food or water contaminated with the stool of an infected person. Poor hand hygiene and unsafe food handling increase the risk. Raw or undercooked shellfish harvested from contaminated waters can also transmit the virus.

Hepatitis A typically causes an acute infection, meaning the body can clear the virus on its own. Most people recover fully without long-term liver damage. Symptoms usually appear 15 to 50 days after exposure and may last from several weeks to a few months. Although complications are uncommon, severe illness can occur, especially in older adults or those with existing liver disease.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is one of the most common forms of viral hepatitis in Singapore. It can lead to chronic infection, which significantly increases the risk of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.

The virus spreads through contact with infected blood or body fluids. This may occur through unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, non-sterile tattooing or piercing equipment, and from mother to child during childbirth. Although blood transfusions are now carefully screened, transmission was more common before routine testing became standard.

Symptoms, when they occur, usually appear two to five months after infection. However, many people with hepatitis B have no symptoms for years, even as liver damage progresses silently. Vaccination remains the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B.

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is mainly spread through blood-to-blood contact. Common routes include sharing needles or exposure to unsterile medical or cosmetic procedures. Sexual transmission is less common but can still occur.

Unlike hepatitis A and B, there is currently no vaccine for hepatitis C. Many infected individuals remain symptom-free for years. When symptoms do develop, they may appear one to three months after infection. Without treatment, chronic hepatitis C can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer. Fortunately, modern antiviral medications can now cure most cases when detected early.

Symptoms of Viral Hepatitis

Not everyone infected with a hepatitis virus will experience symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:

• Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)

• Fatigue and weakness

• Fever

• Headache

• Nausea or vomiting

• Loss of appetite

• Abdominal discomfort

• Dark-coloured urine

• Pale or clay-coloured stools

Treatment of Viral Hepatitis

Treatment depends on the type of hepatitis. Acute hepatitis A usually requires supportive care rather than medication. Doctors focus on symptom relief, adequate nutrition, and preventing dehydration.

For hepatitis B and C, antiviral medications may help suppress or eliminate the virus. Regular medical follow-ups are essential to monitor liver function, assess disease progression, and guide treatment decisions. Early diagnosis greatly improves long-term outcomes.

Conclusion

Viral hepatitis is a serious but often preventable condition that affects liver health. Understanding how different hepatitis viruses spread, recognising early symptoms, and seeking timely medical care can reduce the risk of long-term complications. With effective vaccines, improved screening, and modern antiviral treatments, early detection and prevention remain key to protecting liver health and improving quality of life. PRIME