What Is Colorectal Surgery?
Colorectal surgery is the surgical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases affecting the colon (large intestine), rectum, anus, and lower digestive tract. Doctors who specialise in this field are known as colorectal surgeons.
The colon and rectum play an essential role in digestion, water absorption, and waste elimination. Colorectal surgeons diagnose and treat a wide range of bowel conditions, from common problems such as haemorrhoids to complex diseases including colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. They also help patients maintain bowel health and improve their quality of life.
Common Conditions Treated by Colorectal Surgeons
Colorectal surgeons commonly diagnose and treat:
- Colorectal Cancer
- Colon Polyps
- Haemorrhoids (Piles)
- Anal Fissures
- Anal Fistulas
- Perianal Abscesses
- Diverticular Disease
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis)
- Rectal Prolapse
- Faecal Incontinence
- Chronic Constipation
- Pilonidal Disease
▼ Learn More About Colorectal Surgery
Colorectal surgeons specialise in diagnosing and treating conditions affecting the lower digestive tract. Some patients are referred after experiencing symptoms such as rectal bleeding, persistent changes in bowel habits, or abdominal pain, while others seek assessment because of abnormal screening results, a family history of colorectal cancer, or long-term bowel conditions.
Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Early detection through screening can identify precancerous polyps or detect cancer at an earlier stage when treatment is often more successful. Surgery is commonly the primary treatment and may be combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy where appropriate.
Colon Polyps
Colon polyps are growths that develop on the inner lining of the colon. Although many polyps are harmless, some can develop into colorectal cancer over time. Removing polyps during colonoscopy or surgery helps reduce this risk.
Haemorrhoids (Piles)
Haemorrhoids are swollen veins in the rectum or anus that may cause pain, itching, bleeding, or discomfort during bowel movements. Many cases improve with lifestyle changes, while others may require office-based procedures or surgery.
Anal Fissures
Anal fissures are small tears in the lining of the anus that often cause pain and bleeding during bowel movements. While many heal with conservative treatment, persistent fissures may require specialist management.
Anal Fistulas and Perianal Abscesses
Anal fistulas and perianal abscesses usually develop following infection around the anus. These conditions may cause pain, swelling, discharge, or recurrent infections and often require surgical treatment.
Diverticular Disease
Diverticular disease occurs when small pouches develop in the wall of the colon. Most people experience no symptoms, but some develop inflammation or infection (diverticulitis), which may require medication or surgery depending on its severity.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, causes chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. Although medication is often the first line of treatment, surgery may be recommended when complications develop or symptoms cannot be adequately controlled.
Rectal Prolapse
Rectal prolapse occurs when part of the rectum slips out through the anus. It can lead to discomfort, bowel control problems, and difficulty passing stools, and often requires surgical correction.
Faecal Incontinence
Faecal incontinence is the inability to control bowel movements. Causes vary and may include muscle injury, nerve damage, or underlying bowel conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity.
When Should You See a Colorectal Surgeon?
You should consider seeing a colorectal surgeon if you experience:
- Persistent rectal bleeding
- Ongoing changes in bowel habits
- Persistent constipation or diarrhoea
- Blood in your stool
- Anal pain, swelling, or discharge
- A lump around the anus
- Persistent abdominal pain or bloating
- Unexplained weight loss
- Colon polyps found during screening
- A family history of colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel disease
Early assessment can help diagnose bowel conditions promptly, reduce the risk of complications, and improve treatment outcomes.
Ready to Find a Colorectal Surgeon?
Explore PRIME's featured colorectal surgeons below to learn about their qualifications, subspecialty expertise, clinic locations, and patient education resources. You can also browse related articles and videos to better understand colorectal conditions, bowel cancer screening, and available treatment options before your consultation.